Fee simple purchase is the outright purchase of property by an entity with the purpose of conservation. This is generally the most favorable method for some land owners since it provides them nearly all their property value. Importantly, fee simple purchase is also the only 100% guarantee for protection of important lands held in private ownership. However, it requires significant monetary resources. Many communities are now funding fee simple and purchase of development rights land acquisition programs through general obligation bonds and/or taxes.

In 2006, the Las Vegas City Council adopted a Climate Protection Resolution (R57-2006), rousing the City to become a model for sustainability through reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by lowering energy consumption, developing infrastructure to facilitate sustainable development, and supporting efforts to improve air quality and conserve non-renewable resources. In 2008, the acceptance of the Joint Workshop Report and the "Sustain Las Vegas" Policy made it abundantly clear that it was no longer sufficient to allocate public resources based solely on financial reasons, but that environmental health, economic strength, and social well-being are equally important considerations when making decisions.

Fort Collins is located in a semi-arid region of the west, an area more prone to droughts than other parts of the United States. The highly variable nature of precipitation in this area makes long-term planning essential for Fort Collins Utilities to provide an adequate and reliable water supply for current and future residents. The city's water conservation efforts began in 1977 when it faced a serious drought requiring water restrictions and spurring educational efforts focused on conservation. The Water Supply Policy was established in 1988 and updated in 2003. It required Fort Collins Utilities to maintain a water supply sufficient to meet the treated water demands of the city during the 1 in 50 drought. Climate uncertainty and a severe drought in 2002 spurred the City Council to adopt the Water Supply Shortage Response Plan (Ordinance No. 048, 2003), which included four levels of measures to address various water shortages. In April 2003, Level 1 water restrictions were put in place to meet a projected 1-10 percent water shortage. These restrictions remained in place for five months, when demands ultimately lowered and supply projections improved.

Southern Nevada is in one of the driest deserts in the world and water is an issue of upmost concern. As supplies from the Colorado River are projected to become more variable, it is particularly important for desert communities to devise water strategies that address water vulnerabilities. Henderson, Nevada has adopted plans and regulations, some in conjunction with other regional municipalities and others on their own, to ensure an adequate and quality water supply for the community.

To meet Tucson's water demand through 2050, utilize renewable resources and comply with Arizona's Assured Water Supply (AWS) requirements for municipal water providers, Tucson Water developed a plan using a scenario planning process. The resulting plan, Water Plan 2000 – 2050, utilizes two separate scenario plans: A potable plan for utilizing Central Arizona Project (CAP) water, which addresses four futures, and a wastewater treatment plan, which addresses eight. These futures were combined into "families of futures" to develop the recommended pathway for Water Plan 2000 - 2050. The plan's process was presented to the community in the form of a timeline. A timeline allowed Tucson Water to demonstrate the consequences of deviating from the plan in a way that the public could easily understand.

Hazard mitigation planning is the process by which communities identify hazards that threaten them, determine the likely impacts of those hazards, set mitigation goals, and enlist appropriate strategies to lessen impacts. Participating jurisdictions will use the plan to decrease vulnerability and increase resilience and sustainability. Prepared pursuant to the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation  Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390), the Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan was also developed to make Teller County eligible for certain federal disaster assistance such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) and Pre-Disaster Mitigation program.

The Chicago metropolitan area is a large, growing region that understands the urgency to support local food systems for the future needs. This view of local foods is formalized in the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP) long-range comprehensive plan, GO TO 2040. The Plan was developed through extensive public participation which occurred over the summer of 2009 when more than 35,000 participants had their say at CMAP "Invent the Future" workshops, kiosks, web tools (including customized MetroQuest scenario-planning software and social media like Facebook), and booths at community festivals. In addition, technical research and reports, in partnership with Chicago Community Trust, were drafted on topics such as local food. CMAP and Chicago's Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) Policy Committee approved the Plan on October 13, 2010.

A "foodshed" represents the geographic region that produces food for a particular population. Buying food grown in your local foodshed can help to reduce the negative environmental impacts caused by the modern food system as locally grown foods have a shorter distance to travel from where they are grown and distributed. This distance reduces the amount of energy used to transport the food and produces fewer greenhouse gases. In addition, producing food locally can help reduce the biodiversity loss associated with large-scale farming operations that can disrupt native vegetation, such as wetlands.

Climate Action Plans encompass numerous recommendations and implementation strategies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a community. The City of Albuquerque has composed a Climate Action Plan that includes measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions produced by food and agriculture, which accounts for over 20% of greenhouse gas emissions by Albuquerque residents.

Seattle, WA is promoting their local food system through the Local Food Action Initiative, which establishes goals, creates a policy framework, and identifies specific actions to strengthen Seattle and the region's food system in a sustainable and secure way. 

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An increased interest in healthy and fresh food coupled with a desire to create more resilient, local and sustainable economies is spurring new metropolitan and regional food planning efforts. Over the last few years, the Portland area, known for its foodie culture, has taken significant strides to create a vision and toolkit to facilitate creation of an equitable, healthy and environmentally sustainable regional food system. Located in the fertile Willamette Valley, the Portland region is well poised to move toward a food economy that supports local jobs, keeps farmland as farmland, and supports long term a regional healthy ecosystem.

In 2006 the U.S. Department of Agriculture released a report on the state of food insecurity of the United States ranking New Mexico last of 50 states in food insecurity. In response to this ranking, Santa Fe made the decision to make changes locally to build better food security in the state.

In 2008, the City of Las Vegas, Nevada passed Resolution No-26-2008, the Urban Forestry Initiative. This initiative represents the first part of a three-part effort on the behalf of the city of Las Vegas to reduce the impacts of the urban heat island (UHI) effect as outlined by the Las Vegas Office of Sustainability 2010 UHI Summary Report. The resolution resolves to double the average tree canopy coverage to 20% by 2035, prepare an Urban Forestry Management Plan, and to work with new and existing partners to ensure that urban forestry remains a priority for both the city and the southern Nevada region. In addition to adopting an Urban Forestry Initiative, the Office of Sustainability recommended researching and identifying new technologies for implementation in the Mojave Desert as well as education for the residents of Las Vegas on actions that can reduce the impacts of UHI.

Due to rising temperatures, communities in the West will likely experience an increasingly uncomfortable urban climate that will have dangerous consequences for unsuspecting residents. Increased daytime and nighttime temperatures associated with the urban heat island can affect a community's ability to stay healthy. Sensitive populations like children, the elderly, those with health conditions, disabled and low-income residents are especially vulnerable. To address the impacts of rising temperature, the City of Phoenix as a community formed the Heat Relief Network. Operating during the summer months (March to September) when temperatures consistently rise above 100°F and extreme heat warnings are issued by the National Weather Services, the Heat Relief Network augments the efforts of agencies assisting people who are homeless as well as the elderly and disabled. The network provides additional community resources during times of increased need.

Situated along the Front Range of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains, Douglas County provides a spectacular backdrop to its growing population. People move to Douglas County to escape the urbanism that dominates Denver to the north and Colorado Springs to the south. Many residents live dispersed along the Front Range within the dense Ponderosa Pine forests, which historically have had frequent (five-20 year) fire cycles. This development along the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) increases the danger of catastrophic fires and reduces the opportunity to restore forest health through natural fire regimes.

The City of Scottsdale, Arizona is unique in that it is part of a rapidly growing metropolitan area, yet lies adjacent to some of the most majestic Sonoran Desert mountain areas in the state. As a result, the city has prospered from tourism and recreation. However, as with all suburban cities in the Phoenix area, Scottsdale is also experiencing considerable growth.

The City of Denver boasts a population of over 600,000, and more than 2.5 million in the metropolitan area. Additionally, Denver is at the heart of the Front Range mega region, an urbanized region with the potential to emerge as a globally competitive economic and demographic powerhouse. The Lower Downtown Historic District, commonly known as "LoDo," is the oldest neighborhood and the original settlement site of the city dating back to 1858. Currently, the 23-block area is one of the most well known sections of the city, attracting residents and visitors alike with its vibrant nightlife, restaurants, and pedestrian-friendly historic character.

Boulder County, Colorado is situated along the front range of the Colorado Rockies, just north of Denver. In the early 1970's, City of Boulder residents reacted to the loss of several important buildings with a grassroots effort aimed at providing a legal mechanism to protect the city's significant historic resources. With the passage of Colorado House Bill 1041 in 1974, authority was granted to local governments to designate and regulate historic, cultural, and heritage sites. Shortly after, the City passed the Boulder Historic Preservation Ordinance. With the City Council adoption of this code, Boulder became one of the first cities in Colorado to designate and prevent the demolition or destruction of historic, architectural, and cultural resources considered valuable to the community as a whole. In 1976, the county began its first site inventories and an extensive inventory was conducted in 1981.

An exemplary natural resource protection plan in the West is the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan. Beginning in October 1998, the Pima County Supervisors initiated the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan (SDCP), with the purpose of protecting the cultural heritage and natural resources of Pima County in one of the country's fastest growing regions. The collaborative and on-going planning processes focus on protecting 55 target species, including the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl which, at the time, was a federally listed species. The SDCP covers 59 million acres of the Sonoran Desert ecosystem and is divided into six areas of focus:

Mapping resources in a community are essential for effective natural and cultural resource protection and planning. Marin County's Countywide Plan has used GIS mapping to locate environmental corridors, vegetation types, special status species, wetlands, watersheds, baylands, protected agriculture lands, mineral resources, and treasured beaches. While many communities use maps in the development of their comprehensive plan to guide future growth, they seldom attach these maps and reference them throughout their description of goals, objectives, and implementation measures as Marin County successfully has.

The Sonoran Institute has long been involved in the area of state trust land conservation and efforts to effectively manage the assets on behalf of the beneficiaries, primarily k-12 public education. With funding from the Nina Mason Pulliam Charitable Trust and in collaboration with conservation groups, municipalities, and counties across Arizona, the Sonoran Institute has assembled state trust lands suitable for conservation into a single database. The resulting profiles focus solely on conservation values.

Native vegetation provides habitat for wildlife, plays a significant role in minimizing soil erosion, assists with carbon absorption and oxygen production, and contributes to aesthetic values and sense of place. Despite these benefits, few communities take steps to protect native vegetation. On June 1, 2010, the Town of Oro Valley put Arizona's new Landscape Conservation Code into effect. The ordinance recognizes that the promotion of native Chihuahuan and Sonoran landscapes will also result in water conservation. Oro Valley's ultimate goal is to reduce the town's water consumption to 5,500-acre feet per year below the 2008 baseline of 1,700-acre feet. The policies in the ordinance provide a framework for reducing irrigation, promoting native vegetation, preserving the Town's visual qualities, and supporting compatibility between land uses.

Scottsdale, Arizona is home to an abundant and diverse collection of desert plant species, many of which are unique to the region. The City of Scottsdale has determined that the presence of these unique natural resources contributes to the aesthetic and economic well being of the community. First drafted in 1981, the Native Plant Ordinance has been amended through the years to increase specificity and accommodate the growth the municipality. The last amendment in 2000 ensured the long-term protection of thousands of additional native plants. Under the Amended Plant Ordinance, any project that affects plants from the specified list is required to submit a native plant program detailing the existing location and proposed treatment of each protected plant. Ideally, protected plants should remain in place; however, the ordinance allows plants to be salvaged and replanted within the project if they must be moved.

Since the early 1990s, the City of Scottsdale has been actively involved in acquiring open space for preservation purposes. In 1990, the non-profit organization McDowell Sonoran Conservancy was established to pursue the acquisition of Arizona state trust lands for the City's preserve. The vision of the City, as expressed in their comprehensive plan and the non-profit organization is to preserve approximately 36,400 acres, equivalent to 1/3 of Scottsdale's total land area.

Fee simple purchase is the outright purchase of property by an entity with the purpose of conservation. This is generally the most favorable method for some land owners since it provides them nearly all their property value. Importantly, fee simple purchase is also the only 100% guarantee for protection of important lands held in private ownership. However, it requires significant monetary resources. Many communities are now funding fee simple and purchase of development rights land acquisition programs through general obligation bonds and/or taxes.

The City of Davis, California is considered a progressive college town that consistently ranks among the top places in the country to live. Their farmers market is both a centerpiece of today's bustling downtown and a link to Davis' deep agricultural roots. Building on 40 years of land use policy actions and recognizing that urban sprawl was the greatest threat to farmland in California's Great Central Valley; Davis adopted the first farmland mitigation program in the country in 1995. With thousands of acres of prime farmland permanently protected, Davis has demonstrated that farmland conservation is viable and supports a high quality of life.

The Ogden River, flowing through downtown Ogden, has long been a dump for tires, appliances, cars, and trash. The Ogden River Restoration Project aims to change that, emphasizing the amenity value of the river, and restoring riparian habitat and restoration opportunities.

Transfer of development rights (TDR) are a helpful land conservation tool that communities across the country have included into their land use codes. King County, with a population of just under two million residents, is the most populated county in Washington and home to the growing Seattle Metropolitan area. Therefore, it is imperative the county actively seeks regulatory measures to maintain large areas of contiguous habitat.

Urban agriculture can take many different forms of comprehensive initiatives from the regulation of farming practices to prioritizing land uses. Missoula Montana's urban agriculture movement began as a way to allow more land uses to keep chickens. Missoula's Ordinance No. 3366, entitled "Keeping Livestock and Fowl", allows residents to have up to six female chickens as long as they are kept in clean, healthful, and sanitary conditions. Chickens can be kept on a single-family parcel, or if all residents on a parcel under one ownership consent in writing to allowing chickens on the property. The ordinance makes it clear that the animals be maintained so that they do not become a nuisance to any neighbors and outlines a penalty if chicken owners violate the conditions.

Local production of healthy and fresh food is extremely beneficial to communities for many reasons. Urban Agriculture enhances and protects communities and the natural environment through smart farming practices, energy savings, and strengthening local economies. The best practices of urban agriculture demonstrate the ability to save energy by minimizing the need for large-scale machinery often associated with modern agriculture and limiting fuel consumption in terms of the distance food travels from farm to the plate. Reports and studies conducted over the past decade indicate that urban agriculture enhances the local economy though local consumption and job production, which ultimately empowers residents and strengthens community networks. Communities that adopt urban agriculture policies often reap expansive rewards in terms of community pride. Additional benefits include an increase in property values and personal physical health, and a reduction of crime and blighted areas.

Seattle, Washington is encouraging its residents to integrate urban agriculture on their property in any space available, even the parking strip. The changes in regulations make it easier for property owners to cultivate vegetable gardens between the sidewalk and road.

Urban agriculture can be a mechanism to spur urban renewal. With a population of over 1.5 million people, Philadelphia is emerging as a leader in implementing urban agriculture policy. The Philadelphia Orchard Project (POP) works in the City of Philadelphia to develop vacant land into orchards to reenergize blighted neighborhoods grow healthy food, green spaces and community food security.

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California's Central Valley is a region with moderate temperatures and fertile soils that are ideal for growing fruits and vegetables. In 2007, the City of Sacramento revised their Front Yard Landscape Ordinance 17.68.010 to allow vegetables and fruits to be grown in a front yard.

Western lands receive less water than Eastern and Southern states and have thrived thanks to the development of water storage and delivery systems. However, in light of projected population growth, this antiquated system for water management has been recognized as unsustainable causing many communities in the West to reevaluate their water conservation policies. This reexamination centers on the needs of the human community as well as those of the environment. Communities have the responsibility to protect and conserve this vital resource to ensure that future generations will have a water supply. The development of a water conservation plan is a strategic opportunity for communities to identify water management problems, evaluate options for conservation, highlight past accomplishments, and plan for future improvements. The City of Tucson recognizes their water resource challenges and has recently passed the first commercial rainwater harvesting ordinance in the country to meet the growing demands of their community.

Fort Collins is located in a semi-arid region of the west, an area more prone to droughts than other parts of the United States. The highly variable nature of precipitation in this area makes long-term planning essential for Fort Collins Utilities to provide an adequate and reliable water supply for current and future residents. The city's water conservation efforts began in 1977 when it faced a serious drought requiring water restrictions and spurring educational efforts focused on conservation. The Water Supply Policy was established in 1988 and updated in 2003. It required Fort Collins Utilities to maintain a water supply sufficient to meet the treated water demands of the city during the 1 in 50 drought. Climate uncertainty and severe drought in 2002 spurred the City Council to adopt the Water Supply Shortage Response Plan (Ordinance No. 048, 2003), which included four levels of measures to address various water shortages. In April 2003, Level 1 water restrictions were put in place to meet a projected one-10 percent water shortage. These restrictions remained in place for five months, when demands ultimately lowered and supply projections improved.

Known for being low cost and easy to implement, water conservation measures like rainwater harvesting are a good first step communities can take to supplement existing water supplies. Santa Fe County was one of the first municipalities to pass a water conservation ordinance that restricts outdoor watering and creates a monitoring program. Ordinance No. 2002-13 recognized that water was a finite resource and made the community vulnerable to drought. The Santa Fe County Board of Commissioners concluded that it was of critical importance to conserve water resources to protect the future of the county. This ordinance focused on residential and commercial uses of water and excluded farmland and ranchland. The Board of County Commissioners felt that the ordinance was necessary to provide sustainable resources for posterity and that it could directly address present concerns related to public, health, safety and welfare.

Water is the key to sustaining a community, ecosystems, and wildlife habitats; without it cities, plants and animals could not exist. The important role of water in our lives is a central reason why it is imperative to conserve the precious resource for future generations.

Santa Fe is an example of a community that integrates concepts of water conservation into their children's classroom curriculum. Teaching young residents about water conservation will likely carry through into their adult lives making them more water responsible residents as adults. Thus, Santa Fe is encouraging a new generation of residents to have a better understanding of the importance of water conservation to their community.

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Water is the key to sustaining a community; without it cities could not exist. With the United States population increasing, water resources are precious and scarce in many regions. To meet the growing demand for water, cities particularly those located in arid, desert climates employ water conservation efforts to curb their water consumption.

Santa Fe is New Mexico's capital city with a population of approximately 69,000. The City is working to efficiently use the water supply to serve its residents by reducing water consumption in the region. Santa Fe's Long Range Water Supply Plan is an effort to balance the City's resources and practices to meet current needs and serve residents 40 years into the future. This Plan spurred different water conservation initiatives, in particular an extensive water efficiency rebate program.

The Tucson Conserve to Enhance (C2E) Program is a pilot program that seeks to link personal water conservation and local river restoration and preservation. Volunteer participants in the Tucson C2E Program track their water conservation and donate cost savings to the environment. The Conserve to Enhance concept was developed and researched by the Water Resources Research Center at the University of Arizona.

As the second largest city in the State of Arizona, it is essential that the City of Tucson has taken a proactive approach to water conservation. The first step in achieving successful water conservation measures is to establish a solid plan that develops goals, identifies challenges, and proposes implementation strategies to help meet the growing water resource needs of the community. In 2004, coordinating closely with the City of Tucson's Water Advisory Committee, the City established Water Plan: 2000 – 2050, a long range water plan to guide decision making and planning regarding water resources in the Tucson area.

Santa Fe's Long Range Water Supply Plan is one in a series of water supply plans implemented by the city over the past few decades. Due to these long-term efforts the per capita water use has dropped from 168 gallons per capita daily (GPCD) in 1995, to 98 GPCD in 2009. This drop in water consumption is largely due to the community's unwavering efforts to implement full and comprehensive water conservation initiatives. As the City of Santa Fe has been successful in its efforts to implement comprehensive water conservation and management plans, it continues striving to meet the demands of a growing community. The plan is an effort to balance the city's resources and practices to meet current needs as well as to supply residents 40 years into the future.

Larimer County, CO identified and mapped important wildlife habitat and developed regulations to ensure natural resource protection by mandating clustered developments away from any wildlife, and creating regulations intended to limit impacts to high priority wildlife migration patterns or prime habitat.

An expanding cityscape while protecting the City's historical landscape is a long-standing conflict for residents of Scottsdale, AZ. An upsurge in population and commercial development has made protecting the City's native desert setting a unique challenge. In 2003, the City of Scottsdale adopted the Scenic Corridors Design Guidelines to preserve the Sonoran desert's vegetation and scenic vistas calling for buffers between the desert environment and expanding neighborhoods. The Scenic Corridors also provide residents' with access to recreational and equestrian trails.

Since 2006, Las Vegas, Nevada has demonstrated a commitment to becoming a model of sustainability. First, the City Council adopted a Climate Protection Resolution (R57-2006). The acceptance of the Joint Workshop Report and the "Sustain Las Vegas" Policy in 2008 continued to make it abundantly clear that allocating public resources based solely on financial reasons was no longer acceptable. Decisions to allocate public resources must take environmental health, economic strength, and social well-being into consideration.

One of Las Vegas' most significant energy goals is to develop programs that make renewable energy more available to residents. Solar energy is one of the most accessible forms of renewable energy for the City of Las Vegas because of its sunny climate. The City is collaborating with the State of Nevada on initiatives to make solar panels a viable resource for generating energy. Solar energy supports public health and climate resilience in communities since it emits less greenhouse gases and particulate matter. In 2008, the City implemented the new Solar Panel Construction Ordinance to help streamline the solar panel permit process. Reducing the cost of solar panel implementation and creating more consistent regulations sets the foundation for the new Sunshot Initiative competitive grant. The grant funds the Nevada Rooftop Solar Initiative (NRSI) which will continue to help Las Vegas and other Nevada cities' make solar energy more cost competitive with other forms of energy.

The Scottsdale Green Building Program was established in 1998 as a voluntary program for private sector development and has since been expanded to include commercial projects. This incentive-based program offers expedited review and permit process assistance for green building projects applicants as well as project review, technical assistance, a directory and signage for green builders and designers, promotional material, education, and public events.

Las Vegas, the largest city in Nevada, is taking full advantage of its desert climate to develop more progressive renewable energy strategies that will emit less greenhouse gases and particulate matter. As one of the sunniest cities in the United States, Las Vegas is poised to be a leader in developing solar panel programs that accelerate renewable energy production. Las Vegas is making it easier for all organizations and residents to collect and use solar energy by streamlining solar panel installation. The new 2008 Solar Panel Construction Ordinance is setting the foundation for the City to implement related projects such as the solar covered parking program.

On October 15, 2008, the City of Las Vegas added Solar Panels to the "Utilities, Communication and Transportation" section of their Municipal Code. Solar panels in the code are defined as small scale units designed and used to generate solar power and/or heat the principal use on the site.

As one of the sunniest cities in the United States, Las Vegas is poised to be a leader in developing solar panel programs that accelerate renewable energy production. With an annual average of 293 sunny days per year, programs focusing on solar power are some of the most accessible and reliable for city businesses and residents. In a statewide effort to reduce energy consumption, Las Vegas is attempting to streamline solar panel installation to make it easier for all organizations and residents to collect and use solar energy.

For many Americans, housing is the number one family expenditure. As the cost of living continues to increase, the demand for affordable housing will also continue to rise. The minimal economic return for developers constructing affordable housing units requires aggressive approaches to meet affordable housing needs. Examples include removing regulatory barriers like impact fees, offering development incentives, implementing mandatory requirements, and providing dedicated funding options.

In 2012, Denver received the National Award for Smart Growth Achievement for turning a historic district into a complete neighborhood that preserves affordable housing and provides easy access to downtown. The transformation was possible through extensive community engagement.

There is growing energy in increasing retail and restaurant presence in downtown Billings. The city has also successfully used Tax Increment Financing (TIF) in its redevelopment efforts, helping to pay for downtown parking garages, signs for pedestrians, and facilities for downtown events.

Cheyenne, as Wyoming's capitol, has deployed city staff time and financial resources toward strategically reinvesting in the edges of downtown. In particular, the restoration of the old train depot downtown has been a big success. The new parking garage blends in with the architecture of the area and allows for adjacent dense development to have ample nearby parking. The garage is bringing new energy to the southwest part of downtown, which has some of the lowest property values per acre. This is an example of how an investment in public infrastructure in an area that has a lot of room to grow can bring about higher property tax yields in adjacent properties by stimulating private investment. Additionally, while the city has ample highways, it has done well to keep interchanges far apart so as not to draw folks away from downtown.

Action and implementation are integral components of any successful sustainability policy. However, to organize the collective strength to make these happen it is important to educate the community concerning the importance of sustainability. Green business programs have the capacity to do both by recognizing the sustainability effort of business owners and making participating businesses more resilient through networking opportunities and an equally supportive client base.

There is a lot more to measuring a government's total environmental impact than examining internal processes. To encourage environmental protection as well as public health, it is important to consider the full life cycle of the products that are used every day; from the materials used in production, to distribution, to consumer use and product disposal. Understanding the impacts that products have on energy consumption, toxicity, air and water pollution, materials efficiency, and their eventual disposal helps communities become more aware of the implications of their actions and helps to curb unsustainable purchasing behavior thereby supporting manufacturers and vendors that provide access to these products. Since 2007, the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP) program implemented by the City of Phoenix has proven to reduce the city's environmental impact while saving the city a significant amount of money.

For many Americans, housing is the number one family expenditure. As the cost of living continues to increase, the demand for affordable housing will also continue to rise. The minimal economic return for developers constructing affordable housing units requires aggressive approaches to meet affordable housing needs. Examples include removing regulatory barriers like impact fees, offering development incentives, implementing mandatory requirements, and providing dedicated funding options.

Impact fees are widely used by local governments as a tool to help reduce the economic burden of the infrastructure costs that new developments incur due to the expansion of the public service network. Impact fees are used to fund capital recovery fees for water and sewer facilities, roads, parks, schools and other public services, as well as municipal facilities such as fire, police, and libraries. Impact fees are an important tool for financing public infrastructure. Moreover, they can be seen as a tool for growth management that collects development-funding payments as a way to exercise police power.

One of the most difficult, yet important aspects of land subdivision is the provision of public open spaces. Similar to other urban amenities, parks are an important quality-of-life factor contributing to a city's livability. The City of Albuquerque passed the Park Dedication and Development Ordinance in 1976 to support urban amenities.

The Fort Collins Air Quality Plan uses focused policy direction and high-level implementation strategies to "continually improve Fort Collins air quality". The principles and policies in this plan were developed and discussed as part of an extensive yearlong effort to update City Plan, the city's comprehensive plan, and the Transportation Master Plan. The City Council adopted the air quality policies contained within the Air Quality Plan when they approved City Plan and the Transportation Master Plan on February 15, 2011. The remainder of the Air Quality Plan was updated administratively with input from citizens, Council advisory boards, City staff, and consultants.

The flood hazard areas of Yavapai County, including lands that border the Verde River, are highly susceptible to periodic flooding, which has endangered residents and caused damage to businesses and homes. During the winter of 2004-2005, the Verde River flooded four times, yet the homes situated along the river escaped serious damage. This is attributed to a Yavapai County requirement that homes built in the Verdi River's floodplain must be elevated at least one foot above the basement level. Although the rising water entered some of the lower-level crawlspaces, no flooding was reported in the living areas of these homes.

Regulatory policies for steep slopes serve a multitude of purposes. Steep slopes can increase fire danger, contribute to erosion and stormwater runoff, and, depending upon geology, be susceptible to slides. Foothills and ridgetops that contribute to the scenic character of a community can be negatively impacted by development.

In 2007, San Francisco was the first city to ban non-compostable plastic checkout bags in supermarket and pharmacy chains. Called the “Plastic Bag Reduction Ordinance”, grocery stores were only allowed to provide recyclable paper bags, compostable plastic bags and/or reusable bags. The specific definitions of these bags are outlined in the 2007 Ordinance. Grocery stores or pharmacies that did not comply with the ordinance faced a $100 fine for a first violation, a $200 fine for a second violation and a fine not exceeding $500 for additional violations within the same year.

A significant element of protecting water quality is managing stormwater, the precipitation that runs across natural and built areas into our streams, lakes, and oceans. Stormwater picks up pollutants such as chemicals, debris, and sediment. It can transport those pollutants into water degrading its quality. Stormwater discharges are considered source points of pollution and are regulated under the Clean Water Act, which requires most urbanized areas to acquire a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit through the establishment of a stormwater management program.

Portland, OR is located in the Pacific Northwest where rainfall is more than average compared to the rest of the United States. Due to the weather, stormwater management becomes critical to prevent flooding and maintain the overall health of City's watershed. Clean River Rewards, Portland's stormwater utility discount program, purpose is to reduce stormwater volume and flow rate while reducing pollution and sediments that collects in stormwater.

In 1990, the Washington state legislature passed The Growth Management Act, codified into RCW 36.70A to manage growth by identifying and protecting critical areas and natural resource lands, designating urban growth areas, preparing comprehensive plans and implementing them through capital investments and development regulations. Kitsap County is the third most densely populated county in the state and has adopted a number of important policies to protect the watershed including the Critical Areas Ordinance (CAO), the Surface and Stormwater Management Program (SSMP) as well as zoning designations aimed at reducing watershed impacts through low density development.

Developers have an advantage working outside the city limits: they often do not have to comply with city regulations, yet they still reap the benefits from being in close proximity to an urban core. If the area is soon to be annexed, landowners also escape city taxation. Regional coordination and guidelines for annexation processes are necessary to facilitate more appropriate economic and geographical growth for a city. Often this is outlined in agreements between counties and cities, but in and around Reno, Nevada, there is another planning commission coordinating the bustling metro area with a population over 420,000.

The mission of the City of Albuquerque's Capital Improvement Program (CIP), adopted in 1975 and renamed to Capital Implementation Program in 1996, is to enhance the physical and cultural development of the City by implementing the Albuquerque/ Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan as well as other adopted plans and policies. Through a multi-year schedule of public physical improvements, CIP administers approved Capital Expenditures for systematically acquiring, constructing, replacing, upgrading, and rehabilitating Albuquerque's built environment.

Situated along the Front Range of Colorado's Rocky Mountains, Douglas County provides a spectacular backdrop to its growing population. People move to Douglas County to escape the urbanism that dominates Denver to the north and Colorado Springs to the south. Many residents live dispersed along the Front Range within the dense Ponderosa Pine forests, which historically have had frequent (five-20 year) fire cycles. This development along the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) increases the danger of catastrophic fires and reduces the opportunity to restore forest health through natural fire regimes.

Growth policies are critical to communities' futures because they set forth the goals and policies that shape how communities grow in a sustainable and economically viable way. Boundaries represent a clean break between potentially inconsistent urban and rural land uses, thereby protecting rural land from urban spillovers while also providing important environmental and economic benefits to urban development. Urban growth planning best practices usually involve an intergovernmental agreement between the county and local municipality accompanied by the collection of information and a thorough study of the planning area. Once the planning area is well understood the community adopts a general boundary as a local growth policy, which is then followed by regulatory and financing tools such as concurrency requirements. The City of Missoula and Missoula County's Growth Policy is a result of extensive agency coordination and public involvement, making it a creditable practice for building a successful growth policy.

Perhaps the most studied example of managing urban growth in the United States is the Portland region's Urban Growth Boundary (UGB). UGB's are typically implemented through state, regional or local planning agencies, or legislative bodies. In particular, the region's program was implemented under a state mandate that required every city and metropolitan region in Oregon to designate an urban growth boundary and negotiate boundary lines.

Salt Lake City, Utah is one of the largest cities in the Intermountain West. An artifact of its original Mormon settlement is an expansive grid system of wide streets. Already active in policy making that encourages healthy, transit-oriented communities, the city is positioned to incorporate legislation promoting access to multiple transportation options.

Chandler, Arizona is a suburb situated in the east valley of the greater-Phoenix metropolitan area. Established in the early 1900s, it boasts a historic downtown that, until recently, has been overlooked as an opportunity for redevelopment and reinvestment. In 2001, the city council adopted a Commercial Reinvestment Program (CRP) contributing $2.7 million toward the revitalization of the downtown area. More support for these efforts came in 2009 when the Council approved a new Infill Incentive Plan (IIP) to accompany the CRP. The IIP shifts the original goals of the CRP toward increasing mixed use of commercial centers, especially through incorporation of housing and offices.

Albuquerque, the largest city in New Mexico, struggled in the 1990s with a dismally vacant city center. Decentralization and sprawl has affected a number of downtowns across the nation; however, the City of Albuquerque's efforts to turn around that trend that has proven very successful, causing vacancy rates to drop and greatly increasing visits to the downtown core, bringing back life into the district.

Providing a variety of transportation options is integral to transforming auto-dependent cities. Multimodal transportation plans, when developed properly, can lead to vibrant downtowns, increased accessibility for all populations, and connectivity to surrounding neighborhoods. Salt Lake City, the largest municipality in Utah, adopted a transportation master plan, Downtown in Motion, in November of 2008.

In May of 2009 the Ada County Highway District (ACHD) adopted the Roadways to Bikeways: Bicycle Master Plan. The purpose of the Plan is to provide vision, strategies and tools for the improvement of bicycling in Ada County and its six cities. The plan contains information and recommendations designed to support bicycle travel within the public right-of-way.

Albuquerque, the largest city in New Mexico, struggled in the 1990s with a dismally vacant city center. Decentralization and sprawl has affected a number of downtowns across the nation; however, the City of Albuquerque's efforts to turn around that trend that has proven very successful, causing vacancy rates to drop and greatly increasing visits to the downtown core, bringing back life into the district.

More often than not, local parking policies facilitate the automobile-dependency that has enveloped the US. Many current parking ratio regulations have resulted in an oversupply of parking in developments like strip centers and malls, which now are often surrounded by large, empty parking lots. Amending parking regulations can help promote a healthier and stronger urban fabric and also affect the pedestrian experience leading to more vibrant and accessible public spaces.

Coordinating street connectivity is a balancing act between maintaining safety of neighborhoods and ensuring availability of effective routes for autos, bikes, and pedestrians. Too often street patterns of winding dead-end roads with cul-de-sacs, and walled communities without direct access to other communities create barriers for pedestrians and drivers alike. Plans that carefully outline regulations are necessary to create better designed transit flows.

More than 2.7 million people live in the Denver metropolitan area, representing over half the population of Colorado. Responding to the City's growing transportation needs, Denver is building more transit infrastructure and stations than any other city in the region. In November 2004, Denver voters approved the Regional Transportation District's (RTD) FasTracks initiative, which addresses the City's congestion issues by focusing on public transit solutions. FasTracks, currently a $6.9 billion infrastructure investment, provides 119 miles of new tracks, 70 new transit stations, 18 miles of bus rapid transit service, 21,000 new parking spaces at rail and bus stations, and expanded bus service in all areas. Historically, Denver is a city that prioritizes transit expansion, which has created a more progressive metro area. The City also possesses a strong downtown core with historically higher density neighborhoods. The strong downtown core as well as residential support for transit oriented development encourages progressive transit projects that are amenable to mixed use development.

San Francisco, CA is a destination city, characterized by the distinct natural features of the San Francisco Bay, the Pacific Ocean and the Santa Cruz Mountains. Through the years, the City's appeal has caused an upsurge in both population, automobile usage exacerbating traffic congestion and consequently, air pollution. Public transportation is helping to re-focus the San Francisco Bay Area by strengthening existing communities and encouraging pedestrian-oriented neighborhoods. Together, San Francisco's Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART), the Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Guidelines and the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Policy encourage higher density development within walking and bicycling distance of BART stations. TOD is a concept that places residential, employment and commercial facilitates next to public transit stations to make it easier for people to work, live and shop in different areas of the City without depending on a car.

Santa Fe, with a population of about 68,000, focuses much of its economic development and entertainment on the approximately 1 million tourists that visit per year. Starting in the 1930s, Santa Fe redeveloped the downtown historic plaza in order to draw more tourists to the urban core. However, city residents wanted commercial and entertainment to serve the needs of the local residents. In this pursuit, the Santa Fe Railyard became a center of transit-oriented development that supports local business and represents the community's culture.

In 2008, the City of Las Vegas, Nevada passed Resolution No-26-2008, the Urban Forestry Initiative. This initiative represents the first part of a three-part effort on the behalf of the city of Las Vegas to reduce the impacts of the urban heat island (UHI) effect as outlined by the Las Vegas Office of Sustainability 2010 UHI Summary Report. The resolution resolves to double the average tree canopy coverage to 20% by 2035, prepare an Urban Forestry Management Plan, and to work with new and existing partners to ensure that urban forestry remains a priority for both the city and the southern Nevada region. In addition to adopting an Urban Forestry Initiative, the Office of Sustainability recommended researching and identifying new technologies for implementation in the Mojave Desert as well as education for the residents of Las Vegas on actions that can reduce the impacts of UHI.

Trees function as the lungs of a community as well as maintain an important part of the infrastructure framework. The quality and quantity of urban forestry are indicators of environmental health and provide an opportunity to enhance the quality of life of residents and visitors. Incorporating green infrastructure into planning policies and initiatives has a number of benefits; shade mitigates climate change by reducing the need for air conditioning thus decreasing energy costs and sequestering carbon emitted by sources like transportation. Urban forestry builds community resilience to climatic events like intense rain through flood and erosion management. Overall, urban forestry policies and initiatives lay the groundwork for the implementation of adaptive ecosystem management as well as the usage and enhancement of a community's natural assets.

For comprehensive and regional plans, a variety of existing tools are available to engage the public in a workshop setting or to develop scenarios of different development alternatives. The scenarios help test policies and prioritize strategies. Scenarios can also be utilized to demonstrate to stakeholders how key future conditions could impact their community and to consider which approaches may be most robust across a variety of potential future conditions.

Nonprofit, business, and community organizations at local and regional levels are taking a larger role in planning as they represent interests as diverse as environmental protection, community health, and social equity. These organizations often use scenarios to advocate for their interests and ensure that their values are represented in decisions that will guide local and regional growth. Many of them also use scenario planning tools to test alternatives and assert their positions within community planning processes. Some nonprofit organizations, such as the Sonoran Institute, work directly with local jurisdictions to build technical capacity to encourage the use of these tools.

Many scenario planning tools have been developed to respond to regional growth challenges, and thus are particularly well suited to planning at a large scale. Metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) tend to use these tools to encompass a geography beyond individual cities and counties. Examples include regional transportation plans (RTPs), integrated regional land use and transportation plans, regional visioning, and plans to reach GHG reduction targets. Scenario planning tools are frequently linked with other models operated by MPOs, such as economic models, transportation models, and infrastructure models.

The Conceptual Land Use Scenario (CLUS) was developed for Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) in response to the passage of Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32), which requires California to reduce statewide carbon emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020, and Senate Bill 375 (SB 375), which calls for coordinated, regional land use and transportation planning to help reduce the state's total carbon emissions. Because the region had to go beyond existing policy to meet the anticipated carbon emissions reduction target, SCAG decided to explore how far land use planning could go toward reducing regional vehicle miles traveled. SCAG used Envision Tomorrow to isolate specific land use planning principles known to reduce trips—such as increased density, mixed land uses, and focused growth around transit areas—to evaluate how such changes might impact transportation patterns and reduce regional emissions.

The Telluride Foundation's Alternative Futures Project, Phase I, is the culmination of two years of work and public involvement, funded by the Telluride Foundation, to better inform the Telluride Region's long range grant making strategy. The principal objectives of this study were to understand and model regional scale economic, ecological and community interactions and to assist the Telluride Foundation and regional community leaders and governments in decision making that might affect the future of the region.

To meet Tucson's water demand through 2050, utilize renewable resources and comply with Arizona's Assured Water Supply (AWS) requirements for municipal water providers, Tucson Water developed a plan using a scenario planning process. The resulting plan, Water Plan 2000 – 2050, utilizes two separate scenario plans: A potable plan for utilizing Central Arizona Project (CAP) water, which addresses four futures, and a wastewater treatment plan, which addresses eight. These futures were combined into "families of futures" to develop the recommended pathway for Water Plan 2000 - 2050. The plan's process was presented to the community in the form of a timeline. A timeline allowed Tucson Water to demonstrate the consequences of deviating from the plan in a way that the public could easily understand.

The City of Scottsdale is located in one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in America, situated directly east of Phoenix, Arizona. Unlike the majority of Phoenix suburbs, Scottsdale’s surrounding landscape is not consumed by flat agricultural lands; rather, the City is bordered by the delicate Sonoran Desert. The McDowell Mountain Range to the North and East provides a scenic backdrop to the 220,000 residents within the Scottsdale’s city limits. Due to the scenic location, the Scottsdale has lured in many affluent residents, making it one of the wealthiest communities in Arizona. Scottsdale is regarded as an upscale tourist and shopping destination and as a representation of western American style.

A city of more than 750,000 residents on the U.S.-Mexico border, El Paso was concerned about a variety of converging factors. Automobile-oriented development was isolating residents, while the upcoming expansion of a nearby military base created the need for thousands of housing units and increased infrastructure. In response, the city initiated Plan El Paso 2010, an effort to create more environmentally and socially sustainable communities connected by a bus rapid transit (BRT) network.